H 2O has 2 bonds, 2 unbonded electron pairs - it is bent.If you look up the table for VSEPR # = 4 and # unbonded electron pairs = 1, then you'll find that NH 3 is trigonal pyramidal. NH 3 has a vsepr number of 4 (3 bonds to H and 1 unbonded pair).When calculating the VSEPR number, always use the electron/bond configuration about the central atom.The VSEPR number is the total number of bonds + unbonded electron pairs.Radicals also count as an electron pair.The shapes of molecules are determined by the molecular geometry.The VSEPR theory is used to predict the geometry of molecules.Valence shell electron pair repulsion and the prediction of shapes of molecules (e.g., NH3, H2O, CO2) Hybrid orbitals are most commonly used with carbon as the center atom.Sp: a hybrid between one s with one p orbital.Sp2: a hybrid between one s with 2 p orbitals.Sp3: a hybrid between one s with 3 p orbitals.Hybrid orbitals are produced by hybridizing (mixing) electron orbitals to produce geometries that facilitate bonding.Hybrid orbitals: sp3, sp2, sp and respective geometries They make up the second bond in a double bond, and both the second and the third bond in a triple bond. They also make up the first bond of double and triple bonds. The covalent bond results when there is a sharing of electrons between two atoms, resulting in the overlap of their electron orbitals.The big difference is that G is tiny compared to k, because gravitational force is weaker compared to the much stronger electrostatic force.G is analogous to k and m is analogous to q.Coulomb's law is analogous to the universal law of gravitation:.If r halves, the electrostatic force increase by a factor of 2 2 = 4. If q 1 doubles, the electrostatic force doubles.Opposite charges attract (negative F), same charges repel (positive F).Larger charge magnitudes + charges being closer together → greater electrostatic force.
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